This chapter, co-authored by Nadine Amr and Nonku Zondo, addresses allocation of security risks across upstream project contracts, including operator obligations under JOAs and bespoke HSE/security plans; drafting of force majeure (foreseeability and "impossible" vs "impractical" performance); investment treaty/FPS protections and political risk insurance; and project finance mitigants (including ECA/multilateral support and host-state measures), with reference to recent contexts in Nigeria, Mozambique and Libya and emerging cyber risks.

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