Nabil Khodadad and Nonku Zondo examine vulnerabilities in critical minerals supply chains, including concentrated mining and processing (notably China’s dominance), long development lead times, and ESG and trade compliance pressures. The article discusses policy responses (such as the US IRA, EU Critical Raw Materials Act and UK strategy) and outlines practical mitigants, including diversification of supply and processing, export credit and political risk support, offtake and financing structures, recycling and permitting streamlining.

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